Abstract: This Element outlines the origins and evolution of an international award-winning development intervention, index-based livestock insurance (IBLI), which scaled from a small pilot project in Kenya to a design that underpins drought risk management products and policies across Africa. General insights are provided on (1) the economics of poverty, risk management, and drylands development; (2) the evolving use of modern remote sensing and data science tools in development; (3) the science of scaling; and (4) the value and challenges of integrating research with operational implementation to tackle development and humanitarian challenges in some of the world’s poorest regions. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.